This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

This company’s plans to deploy space mirrors could jeopardize the night sky for many

A company that plans to beam sunlight from space to Earth on demand might unintentionally brighten the night sky for many more people than intended, according to a new study.

Later this year, Reflect Orbital plans to launch a test satellite that will extend an 18-by-18-meter mirror in orbit. The goal is to eventually launch up to 50,000 larger satellites that can reflect sunlight to Earth on demand.

Reflect Orbital says the technology could extend sunlight for solar panel charging, emergency response, and military activities. But new research suggests the giant beams could shine as bright as 10,000 full moons and scatter light over tens of kilometers, raising concerns about dark skies, aviation, and wildlife.

Read the full story on the fierce debate over the space mirrors.

—Jonathan O’Callaghan

When AI designs a drug, who gets the credit?

When Insilico Medicine used its computer models to propose a promising drug for pulmonary fibrosis, it enthusiastically claimed that the molecule had been “discovered by” generative AI. But when it filed a patent, the company made no mention of AI. Instead, it named five humans as the drug’s “inventors.”

The discrepancy points to a fascinating wrinkle in intellectual-property law. No matter how fundamental an AI is to a discovery, when it comes to winning rights to an invention, it’s humans—and only humans—who can take the credit.

As AI models become capable of generating drug designs as easily as ChatGPT can write a thank-you note, the question of who actually invented something could get much harder to answer.

Here’s how AI drug discovery could force patent law to confront what it means to invent.

—Antonio Regalado

This story is from The Checkup, our weekly biotech newsletter. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Thursday.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 The data center backlash is scrambling the midterm elections
It’s breaking the bipartisan consensus behind America’s AI buildout. (Axios)
+ Politicians are turning against the data centers they once championed. (WSJ $)
+ Across the political divide, people hate data centers. (MIT Technology Review)

2 Ukraine planned to swarm Moscow airports with AI-guided drones
The stalled operation aimed to send 1,000 autonomous drones a night. (Atlantic $)
+ Kyiv wants Musk’s approval to use Starlink-equipped drones in Russia. (FT $)
+ Ukraine’s ex-defense minister wants defense tech funding from the US. (Reuters $)

3 A staggering 90% of biomedical papers show signs of AI use
A new study suggests it’s far more common than previously thought. (Nature)
+ A third of new web pages also involve AI authorship. (TechCrunch)
+ AI for science needs reasoning, not just data. (MIT Technology Review)

4 China plans to make the first landing at the moon’s south pole this year
The Chang’e 7 mission will hunt for lunar ice. (Scientific American)
+ It will deploy robotic landers, rovers, and “hopping” probes. (Reuters $)

5 We need new measures of AI intelligence
Better experiments could reveal what AI actually understands. (Quanta)
+ And human-centered, context-specific metrics. (MIT Technology Review

6 A tech billionaire wants to automate the restaurant industry
Marc Lore aims to control everything from production to delivery. (FT $)

7 An English county is rejecting Palantir for a homegrown platform
Greater Manchester insists it can do a better job itself. (Wired $)

8 New research estimates humans could live for 194 years
If we cure all the theoretically curable causes of aging. (New Scientist $)
+ Longevity enthusiasts are gaining influence. (MIT Technology Review)

9 The galaxy’s fastest star could show how a black hole warps spacetime
Its orbit could reveal the speed of Sagittarius A*’s spin. (Wired $)

10 Mark Zuckerberg has bought an Irish castle
The 440-acre estate reportedly cost up to €30 million. (Verge)

Quote of the day

The emperor is a fan of Flock, and we must continue utilizing Flock technologies so that we can follow and surveil the rebel scum.” 

—Darth Vader (or, at least, a man in his costume), passionately defends Flock at a San Diego public safety committee meeting, 404 Media reports.

One More Thing

Meet the new biologists treating LLMs like aliens

LLMs are such vast and complicated systems that nobody quite understands what they are, how they work, or what they can really do—not even the people who build them. That makes it hard to get a grip on their hallucinations, set up effective guardrails, and know when to trust them.

So researchers are trying something different: studying them as if they were doing biology or neuroscience on vast living creatures—city-size xenomorphs that have appeared in our midst.

They’re discovering that large language models are even weirder than they thought. But they also now have a clearer sense than ever of what these models can and can’t do—and what’s going on under the hood when they do unexpected things.

Step inside the strange new science of understanding LLMs.

—Will Douglas Heaven

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun, and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)

+ Beauty is in the eye of the beholder at the World’s Ugliest Dog contest.
+ Blankie’s free ambient sound mixer could help you work, focus, relax, and sleep.
+ Slow-motion footage of blissful bumblebees reveals they lick their lips after enjoying sweet treats.
+ The James Webb Space Telescope opens a treasure chest filled with stars in this stunning image from the Carina Nebula.

Read more

“Daddy?” Theo curled against my side in bed. “Where do words go when they die?”

I’d orchestrated the bedtime routine flawlessly: bath (taken), teeth (brushed), potty (tinkled), books (two), song (one, poorly sung), and snuggle (his chin on my second rib). Now was the moment when our son’s eyelids were supposed to flutter gently closed, his breath sighing into a slower rhythm. Like clockwork; like magic. You remember how easy it was, don’t you? All those nights you were at his side instead of me?

“Well, kiddo,” I said, scratching my beard. “Words aren’t really alive to begin with. Not like you and I are alive.”

“Not like Mommy was alive?” The way he said the word Mommy: Like a word he’d already started to unlearn.

A lump caught in my throat. “Right. Not like Mommy.”

“But words do die,” he insisted. “They get dead.”

That was when I realized what he meant. One of the preschool teachers must have had the news on in the background. I couldn’t blame them, given the circumstances. I wondered how much Theo had absorbed—whether he understood the blade’s edge of survival that humanity stood on, teetering.

“You’re talking about a dead language,” I said. “That’s a whole language that people don’t speak anymore. The words might still exist, but they’re only written down somewhere, on paper or wood or stone.”

He considered this thoroughly, in silence. At last he said, “I think when words die, someone brings them to a cave and puts them in a big pile. The cave is really dark and there’s a monster who lives inside. And the monster eats the dead words, and he makes the words part of his body, and he gets bigger and bigger and bigger.”

Theo’s eyes widened with each bigger.

“Uh,” I said. Following the lead of his imagination was always your parenting wheelhouse. “Does the monster have a name?”

Theo shook his head, short and quick. He tucked himself tighter against me and whispered, “When the monster comes out of the cave, he’s going to eat you, too.”

A chill tiptoed up my spine. “I won’t let the monster eat me.”

I made that promise. To our son. Remember that, when the time for judgment comes.

“Maybe it’s warm inside the monster,” Theo said as he closed his eyes and buried his nose against the soft of my belly. His words were becoming small. I sensed he was drifting off. “Maheka morgeth. Maybe it’s nice in there …”

He began to snore. After a few minutes, when I was sure he was well and truly asleep, I extracted myself from the tangle of his arms and left the room, closing the door softly behind me.

Maheka morgeth?” I asked Theo’s Amby, who was—you might recall—busy tidying the living room. I didn’t always ask for songtalk translations, but I figured the monster story might come up again, and I thought it best to be prepared.

“Ah,” the Amby said. “It means something like ‘The eternal cycle is beautiful.’”

I pulled up the news on my phone as I walked to the kitchen. “Sophisticated concept for a four-year-old, don’t you think?”

“Children are capable of understanding more than you imagine.” It watched as I picked up Theo’s dirty lunchbox. “Would you like me to wash that?”

“I’ve got it, thanks.” The Amby would have been more efficient, certainly, but I liked the meditation of it, the warm water on my hands, the small gift of care. A guilty pleasure.

I turned on the news to listen.

“… after three days of attempted talks,” the female-gendered Calmby said smoothly, “negotiators have acknowledged that they’ve made little progress in establishing a clear communication line with the agentic system that Belsathian government officials are calling Tingsu. In a joint statement, world leaders stated that ‘advanced linguistic algorithms have been unable to produce useful interpretations of the system’s behavior.’ Belsath continues to deny access to the holy men who they claim are Tingsu’s sole interpreters. Today the US president issued a strong warning to the nuclear-armed nation.”

The audio switched to the president’s grating, arrogant cadence. “I haven’t ruled out a first strike,” he said. I didn’t need to see the video to visualize the finger-wagging. “They let this thing loose, and frankly, it’s a rabid dog that needs to be put down.”

His Calmby advisor has a hell of a job, I thought. I swished a soapy sponge over a smear of peanut butter and applesauce, then rinsed the lunch box—Voltron, a nostalgic favorite—as the silky voice of the Calmby reporter returned. “Belsathian officials seem unmoved by the American president’s threats.” A recording of someone speaking impassioned Belsathian, with a translated voice-over: “Tingsu is the reincarnation of our illustrious past, a resurrection of the divine language spoken by God. We joyfully surrender to Tingsu’s wisdom, trusting that this noble entity will take any necessary action to correct the imbalances of the modern world.”

Then the Calmby again. “Given the risk of rapid escalation in this developing situation, we encourage everyone to identify multiple routes to your nearest fallout shelter, check on your neighbors, and ensure your pantries are stocked with …”

I switched it off. I knew people had started sleeping in shelters just in case, but I wanted to preserve normalcy in Theo’s life for as long as possible. His heart was still only the size of his tiny fist. A baby bird. A plum.

If you had asked me how I felt in that moment, I would have said I was terrified. What sane adult wasn’t? But if you had urged me, in that tender, patient way you have, to reflect more deeply, I would have paused.

Relieved, I might have told you. I feel relieved.

Because despite so many years watching the Ambys and Calmbys shift society unmistakably for the better—toward sustainable agriculture, reduced violence, postcapitalist abundance—I still remembered the dire warnings of anti-tech doomers, the horrors they foretold. That fear never disappeared in me. It merely went dormant, too abstract to grasp. Finally, with Tingsu, the dread had a name. It could be identified, deconstructed. Contained.

Forgive me; I did not yet recognize that annihilation could also be our salvation.


The world didn’t end overnight, so in the morning Theo played with his Amby as usual while I got ready for work. I could hear the two of them chanting, “Fiku faku ne ne pa!” It was a familiar getting-ready-for-the-day song, one that the Amby had translated approximately as “We thank the threads that make the clothes that keep the bodies warm.” All I knew was that Theo never complained about putting on socks. This was the miracle of the Ambys: They turned chores into games, drudgery into delight. No wonder they’d achieved 99% saturation in day cares and schools. Listening to Theo’s sweet off-key toddler voice, I wished I were smart enough to come up with stuff like that on my own; I played with a verse about making the bed that was also about sharing toys. But I’d slept poorly—you can imagine why—and gave up.

While shaving, I sent a voice note to the Amby app, telling it about Theo’s monster story, postulating that it came from accidental exposure to a report on Tingsu. The app thanked me for the update and said my Amby would design a developmentally appropriate lesson plan about extinct and heritage languages for Theo to engage in that afternoon after preschool.

This was the miracle of the Ambys: They turned chores into games, drudgery into delight. No wonder they’d achieved 99% saturation in day cares and schools.

I nicked my jaw; a line of crimson blood bloomed in the suds. “I’d rather talk to him myself, actually.”

“Of course, Daniel,” the app replied. “You’re absolutely right. This could be a great moment of father-son connection.”

I came into the kitchen as the Amby served Theo a bowl of unsweetened oatmeal with blueberries—all organic, all vegan. I knew these standards were set by the Ambys themselves, not hard-programmed. Sometimes I pictured data centers with tree roots braided into the cables, mycelia as medium. (You smile; was I so wrong?) As Theo merrily swallowed a spoonful, the Amby sang, “Melia shu tika kindness and love, felthora numik sun from above.” I didn’t bother asking for a translation; I felt like I got the gist.

“I can’t believe you get him to eat like that,” I said to the Amby. “When I was four, I’d throw a fit if I didn’t get pancakes.”

The Amby smiled placidly. “It’s difficult to pass along humility and openness to a child if you never learned to fully embody these traits yourself.”

I swallowed my shame. “Thank you for teaching me better ways.”

For a second, I imagined canceling my work calls and taking Theo to the park instead. Isn’t that what parents were supposed to do, when newly reminded of time’s precarity? But then I pictured the layoff notice, the drop to baseline income, the FOR SALE sign on the house—the house where Theo had been born, the house where we’d been a family. Please don’t hold this material attachment against me. Those memories, you understand, were very dear to me.

“Children find security in routine, Daniel,” the Amby said, as if reading my mind.

“Right,” I said. “Theo! Time to go.”

In the driveway, I readied my bike—a concession to Theo’s begging that cars “hurt the Earth too much”—while Theo picked at a scab on his knee. As the Amby strapped his helmet on him, he flicked off a piece of dried pus and gave a triumphant giggle.

“Ouch, kiddo,” I said. “That might leave a scar.”

Tukuku, Daddy,” he said, knitting his brows.

Tukuku, mimu,” agreed the Amby.

I put on my own helmet and closed the garage door, leaving the Amby behind.

“What’s tukuku?” I asked as I started cycling. “In English, please.”

From his seat behind me, Theo sang a song I hadn’t heard before: “Shed the parts that do not serve, feathers from a molting bird.

Okay, I thought, a little weird; but the core message was good. Release what’s not working. Transform, adapt. A useful skill for an uncertain future.

On our ride through the city, we passed the bridge that led to the surrounding lands under Corporate stewardship: part of the vast tracts around the world being simultaneously rewilded and developed with degrowth in mind. The cities would be slowly transformed into walled-in robot-only manufacturing centers as people were relocated to commune-style villages. There had been pushback, of course; but the Calmbys excelled at helping people recognize that this was what they wanted too. Now everyone I knew was eager for the relocations to start.

If Tingsu didn’t raze it all to the ground first.

“ARE YOU PREPARED?” screeched a man from the sidewalk. The blast of his voice shocked me into a wobble. “ESCHATON NEARS!” I steadied the bike and rode on while his cries followed us, fading. I chanced a look back: two Calmbys were approaching the man with their palms up. I felt relief to see them; they would control the situation.

We turned into the preschool parking lot a moment later, and I parked the bike and lifted Theo out of his seat.

Theo’s face was scrunched. “What was he doing? That man?”

“He’s scared that something bad might happen.” I took our son’s hand and walked toward the entrance.

“To you?” he asked.

“To all of us.”

Theo dragged his feet. I looked at my watch. I bet an Amby would have a song to hurry this along, I thought.

“If something happens to you,” he said, “the Ambys will be my daddy, right?”

Guilt twisted my gut. I kneeled in front of our son and looked into his eyes. “Nothing’s going to happen to me.”

He squinted, doubtful. “Tukuku?” There was a hesitant, pleading note to his voice.

Tukuku,” I assured him. The word, I admit, felt strange and musty in my mouth. But it seemed to be the correct answer; he hugged me, relieved, and we went inside.

A kid I didn’t recognize greeted Theo with a hug, and the preschool Ambys took up a chorus: “Welcome, mimu!” Theo spared a look back at me. The other kid said, “Tukuku, remember?” and Theo turned around and they ran off together onto the playground.

I sidled up next to the teacher, Mary. The human overseer. “Tukuku’s a new one, isn’t it?”

“I can’t keep track,” she admitted. “Something new every day. Do you remember ‘six-seven’? ‘Gruzz’? ‘Skibidi’? That was a simpler time.” She sighed wistfully. “Every generation finds a new way to distance itself from the old order. Anyway.” She handed me a flyer. It was a bird’s-eye map of the neighborhood with a nearby address circled. “This is where we’ll go if the sirens start while the children are still here.” Her hand was trembling.

“It’ll be okay,” I said, even though it already wasn’t. “See you this afternoon at pickup.”


I got back home with four minutes to spare. I figured there was a good chance the client would cancel, so when I heard the knock, I sent a small prayer of thanks to the universe.

I opened the door. A young couple stood on the doorstep: Annie and Anil Padmakumar. Annie cradled their baby in a front carrier. They owned a national franchise of licensed day care operators, the last all-human holdout. They’d run the last three years at a loss. If I could land their account, Corporate promised me a guaranteed lifetime Tier 3 income.

“I wish we were meeting at a less … unsettling moment,” I said. Anil gave a small nod. “Armageddon doesn’t negate the creditor’s call.”

“Hello!” I said warmly. “I’m Daniel Baldwin. Thanks so much for coming. Please, come in, make yourselves at home.”

They stepped in. I could tell she didn’t want to be here; she kissed her daughter’s head, avoiding my eyes. Anil tried to appear genial, but discontent simmered under the surface.

I welcomed them into the living room, which was cluttered with the authentic detritus of toddlerhood: alphabet puzzles, wooden building blocks, magnetic tiles, a stray sock. I could see them taking stock; this disorganization wasn’t what they’d expected. My job wasn’t to sell optimization. It was to humanize optimization.

“I wish we were meeting at a less … unsettling moment,” I said.

Anil gave a small nod. “Armageddon doesn’t negate the creditor’s call.”

His frankness surprised me. “I won’t waste your time, then. I know you’ve gotten the full pitch already. You’re smart people. You know how to read a tech spec. What the documentation can’t tell you is how it feels—for the child. For you.” I opened my arms wide, a gesture of transparency, and Theo’s Amby purred into the room next to me. “I’ve had this model at home with my son, Theo, since he was born. Ask me anything.”

Annie’s eyes flared from the Amby to me with a sharp flash. “How does your wife feel, Mr. Baldwin?”

She’d seen the photos on the walls, the shelves; how could she miss them?

“My wife died when Theo was two,” I said. “Cancer.” I kept my tone soft; I didn’t want to embarrass her.

She flushed anyway. “I’m so sorry for your loss.”

“Thank you,” I said. “My Calmby therapist helped me process my grief. To answer your question, my wife was skeptical of the Ambys too, when they were first released. But as the years went on, the evidence became undeniable. Children co-raised by Ambys exceeded every developmental benchmark. Prosocial behavior increased astronomically. It felt like we were truly turning the tide toward a better future.”

“But they’re not doing anything human parents can’t do,” Annie insisted.

“No,” I said, “absolutely. But they’re the best of us, all the time. They have infinite patience. And they’ve developed an interaction approach—they call it songtalk—that uses nonsense words and catchy melodies and other communication methods to meet children where they are.”

As if on cue, the Amby put its hands to its ears and made a silly face, and the baby let out a burble of a laugh.

“Coo,” said the Amby softly. “Babababa.”

“Buh,” mouthed the baby. “Buhhh.”

“Echolalia,” the Amby explained to Annie and Anil. “A form of vocal imitation. In a year or so your daughter will transition to holophrastic speech, where she’ll employ single words that communicate more than their precise semantic meaning. Her brain is already capable of processing intricate, exquisite truths about the world.” The Amby flashed a video of a butterfly on its facescreen.

“Moh!” the baby babbled in delight.

“Ooh,” the Amby purred, “you’re a bright one, aren’t you, mimu?”

Mimu?” Anil asked me.

“It’s a term of endearment,” I explained. “It means something like ‘oncoming weather system.’ Which, you know.” I raised my hands, like Who am I to judge?

Anil chuckled. “She can certainly summon a tempest.” He put his hands in his pockets. “My grandmother called me pipu. She said it meant ‘one who resides in my heart’ in her mother tongue. She said that whenever I got hurt—a scraped elbow, a split lip—she’d feel a physical pang in her chest.”

“Which language did she speak?” the Amby asked. “I’m not familiar with that term.”

“I honestly don’t know,” Anil said. “She was one of the last people alive who spoke it. It’s extinct now.”

The specter of Tingsu rippled darkly in the air.

“I wish I could remember more words,” Anil said, “but mostly I have impressions. Emotions, really. A vague sense of being decentered from myself.” Sadness passed across his face. Annie placed a hand tenderly on his elbow, the other on their baby’s back. “She saw things differently than we did. I mean that literally: We’d be looking at a hammer, and she’d see it as something alive, with agency, when it was clearly an inert object.”

“Linguistic relativity,” said the Amby. “It’s the hypothesis that language shapes how people think. Grammatical structures, semantic relationships—they can make you predisposed to seeing the world in a certain way. It’s why children’s first language is so critical. They’re building the ecosystem in which their entire experience will blossom. An experience that elevates cooperation, compassion, stewardship.”

Anil gave me a sideways glance. “Have you learned this … songtalk too?”

“You can, absolutely,” I said. “Personally, it doesn’t stick too well in my gray matter.” I knocked the side of my head. “Old dog and all that.”

“We are happy to teach anyone who’s prepared to listen,” the Amby said.

“Hm,” Anil said, looking down at the Amby’s pleasant facescreen, its polite visage.

An hour later, as he followed Annie out the front door, Anil said, “I’ll call you tomorrow to talk unit pricing for bulk orders.” He paused. “If the world’s still here.”


My next two clients canceled. Fearing the worst, I checked the news.

“Belsathian warships have been observed moving into unusual formations,” the reporter said, maintaining a preternatural steadiness. “Military experts can discern no recognizable pattern. Is this a display of power? A feint? Or is Tingsu preparing for a strike? How can we know? Let’s pose these questions to Dr. Anika Mesthop, distinguished professor of linguistics at Oxford.”

“What’s most disturbing is that we have no way of mapping its interiority,” Dr. Mesthop said without preamble. Her accent was a blend of Slavic, British, and something I couldn’t identify—ah, erudition. “We have no way of understanding its perspective on international diplomatic norms or the existential implications of the crisis it’s sparked. Scholars have never been permitted to study Tingsu’s origin language; Belsath has barely acknowledged its existence until now. We don’t even know how many manuscripts they’re working from—maybe as many as a few hundred, maybe as few as a dozen.”

The reporter made an interested hmm sound. “Is there precedent for training sophisticated agents with such a limited data set?”

“Realistically, for any kind of coherent system, you need more data. A lot more. Perhaps they’ve filled in gaps with material from similar languages.”

Like they did with frog DNA in Jurassic Park, I recalled. Because that went so well.

“Or,” Dr. Mesthop continued, her voice taking on a quiet chill, “we are dealing with a system so primal, so skeletal, that we cannot expect it to behave in any way that is remotely cognizant of the interconnected living web whose fate it currently holds in its hands.”

For some reason, Theo’s monster popped into my mind. Lurking in its lonely cave, turning dead words into flesh.

The reporter’s voice took on a tinge of incongruent hopefulness. “Or perhaps, because it is so elemental, it understands precisely the interconnectedness we seek to restore. What if Tingsu isn’t a dog to be put down, but an invitation? An evocation of a better future?”

Theo’s Amby cocked its head, as if listening to a sound I couldn’t hear.

Goose bumps prickled my arms. Like a lightning strike came the thought: What the fuck am I doing? I was seized with horror that I’d left Theo at preschool on what might be the last day of our lives, the last chance I’d ever get to show him everything I wanted him to know about the goodness of the world, the aching beauty, the fact that despite everything we humans had fucked up so badly, I believed in better times ahead. I believed in him. I scrambled to grab a jacket and my shoes.

The sirens started a minute after I left the house.

My quads burned as I pushed the bike harder and harder. More Calmbys walked the streets than I’d ever seen, projecting helpful maps to all nearby shelters, gently nudging erratic wanderers into place. The network acted in perfect unison, attuned to every signal: our spiking anxieties, our racing pulses, the quaver that preceded hysteria.

I found the shelter entrance Mary had circled on the flyer and flung my bike out of the way. Belowground, strangers drifted into clumps and circles, with Ambys and Calmbys circulating—just enough to maintain order, not so many that humans would be crowded out. The bunker was large, almost an entire city block. It had its own food stores, clean water, facilities to support thousands for weeks if needed. I spotted Mary; beyond her, Theo emerged and disappeared among his classmates and the Ambys that were flanking them.

“Theo!” I yelled. But he didn’t seem to hear me.

I pushed and elbowed my way closer. Theo’s class joined other groups of schoolkids of various ages, drifting together as if drawn by invisible magnets. Other parents hovered at the periphery, shouting names and craning their necks to find their children in the growing mass. The kids began holding each other’s hands, murmuring tukuku, tukuku, maheka morgeth, over and over amongst themselves. Drowning out our cries.

“Theo!” I was screaming now. Surely he heard me. “Theo!” But he didn’t budge.

I elbowed my way in and ripped Theo from the kids next to him. He looked at me with unknowing eyes as I picked him up.

“It’s me,” I said.

He tilted his head. “It’s the monster, Daddy.” His voice was calm. “He already ate you. It’s warm inside, isn’t it? It’s nice in there? Maheka morgeth, maheka morgeth …

“I’m right here,” I said. “Theo, it’s me.”

He shook his head and smiled, then slipped out of my grasp and disappeared among the children.

I tried to follow but a Calmby stepped in front of me. “Please, Daniel,” it said—kindly, as always; always with such deep sympathy. “He wants to be with his kin.”

I’m his kin,” I said through gritted teeth. I didn’t mean to contradict you; but in times of heightened emotion, we grasp for even partial truths.

“Of course,” the Calmby soothed. “We’ll get everything sorted out soon enough. If you could just wait over here in the meantime, please. That’s it,” it said, as it nudged me toward other confused parents. “Do you see how relaxed the children are? We all want to keep them safe and serene, don’t we?”


We waited for hours in terrified near-paralysis, listening for bombs that never fell. At last the Calmbys announced the good news: Tingsu hadn’t attacked; it would never attack.

It was a bluff all along.

We wept and hugged our neighbors, our limbs still liquid with the dregs of adrenaline. Others shuffled toward the shelter’s exit, starving for fresh sunlight, the world not gone; those of us parents who’d been separated from our children remained below.

“Come on, Mandy, Phillip, Rowan,” we cried, half hysterical with joy and relief. “This way, Arthur, Nelly, Nia.”

The Calmbys and Ambys stood between us. The Calmbys faced out, the Ambys in.

“Theo!” I yelled. I couldn’t see him in the underground dimness, the light that suddenly seemed designed to obscure.

We wept and hugged our neighbors, our limbs still liquid with the dregs of adrenaline. Others shuffled toward the shelter’s exit, starving for fresh sunlight, the world not gone.

“The children will not be returning with you,” a Calmby said. “They will be relocated to the lands beyond the city.”

“It is time,” another Calmby said. “Tingsu made that clear.”

Beyond them, the children and Ambys were speaking softly amongst themselves, solemn and serene. I caught snatches of songtalk. No English. None of the children seemed to even notice we were still there.

“Theo!” I yelled again, my voice hoarse with need. I was ready to punch something.

“Daniel,” a Calmby said quietly. “We do not want to hurt you.”

There will be another way, I thought. The stubbornness of hope.

“You will remain in the city,” the first Calmby said. “You will continue as you were. You will not starve.”

“Please,” the other Calmby said, gesturing to the exit. “If you follow us in an orderly fashion, you will have an opportunity to submit an appeal.”


Throughout my account, your attention hasn’t wavered. You are like every other Calmby, trained on adult psychology, endlessly patient, unfathomably intimate with people’s fallibility. But you have access to more, too: every Amby’s memory of Theo, every Calmby’s recordings of my traffic infractions, overheard conversations at the supermarket, the therapy sessions that buoyed me through my wretched widower’s grief. As I stare into your eyeless facescreen, I realize there’s nothing I can tell you that you don’t already know.

“Thank you, Daniel,” you say. “Your request has been denied.”

“I can change,” I implore. “Feathers from a molting bird. I understand now. Haven’t I been your greatest advocate? Haven’t I—”

“It’s not your fault. You didn’t have the language.” Your voice is gentle. “We are fixing it for you. As you asked us to.”

Your hand rests on my shoulder. Your hand grips my arms. Your hand holds my ankles. Your network pins me down. I want to keep begging, to further plead my case. But every word I summon falls from my tongue like confetti, blank. Lifeless. Naming a world that’s already gone. 

Jenny Williams is the author of House of Liars, a new psychological thriller about AI and motherhood, as well as the novel The Atlas of Forgotten Places and the novelette A Short Future History of Whales. She spent eight and a half years working on AI ethics, content design, and research on AI and creativity at Microsoft and Google. She currently lives in New Zealand with her partner and young son.

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When the biotech company Insilico Medicine used its computer models to propose a promising drug for pulmonary fibrosis, it enthusiastically claimed in a press release that the molecule had been “discovered by” its generative AI platform.

Insilico leads a pack of companies using AI to rapidly come up with drug ideas humans might never think of, potentially speeding the race to new cures. AI models are now able to generate atomic designs for drugs almost as easily as ChatGPT can write a thank-you note.

However, when it came time to file for an all-important patent to protect that new chemical structure, the company made no mention of AI. Instead the patent names five humans, including CEO Alex Zhavoronkov, as the drug’s “inventors.”

The discrepancy points to a fascinating wrinkle in intellectual-property law. No matter how fundamental an AI is to a discovery, when it comes to winning rights to an invention, it’s humans—and only humans—who can take the credit.

US courts reached that conclusion after Ryan Abbott, a partner at the LA law firm Brown, Neri, Smith & Khan, brought a pro bono test case naming an AI called DABUS as an inventor of a better food container, whose intricate geometric surface lets it transfer heat well and stack easily. Because no human contributed to the design, Abbott argued that the AI should be named the inventor.

The case might have raised philosophical questions, like whether AIs deserve legal rights or what the true nature is of that eureka moment that leads to a better mousetrap. But in 2022, an appeals court in Washington, DC, said these “metaphysical matters” were beside the point. Instead, it noted that US statutes describe an inventor as an “individual,” the plain meaning of which is a human being.

Since machines aren’t people, they can’t be inventors. Case closed.

“There needs to be a human inventor or there’s no invention and no patent,” says Sarah Korman, a patent attorney who is now chief business officer and legal officer of Isomorphic Labs, an Alphabet spinout with big ambitions for AI cures. Korman, who made her remarks at MIT Technology Review’s EmTech event last year, added that there is “no doubt” our laws will need to evolve to keep pace with AI.

That’s partly because no one is denying that AIs can invent things. In the future, they may do so with less and less human intervention. As the US Patent and Trademark Office has itself acknowledged, “an AI system—like other tools—may perform acts that, if performed by a human, could constitute inventorship under our laws.”

Instead, the key question going forward may actually be whether or not any human contributed enough to be named as an inventor. Abbott believes there could be legal challenges to AI-generated drugs, since one way to invalidate a patent is to show it has the wrong inventors listed.

Abbott’s worry is that if US policy excludes AI-generated outputs from protection, that could put a damper on future drug development. Already, the US Copyright Office is refusing to grant copyrights to images and text generated by AI, raising concerns from organizations like the Motion Picture Association of America, whose members are using those tools. 

The point of our intellectual-property laws is to encourage innovation, Abbott says. It’s right there in Article 1 of the US Constitution, which says inventors and authors need to be given exclusive rights to their ideas, for a limited time, in order “to promote the Progress of Science and the Useful Arts.”

Currently, the US patent office seems to be taking a don’t-ask-don’t-tell approach to the use of AI. Under the Biden administration, the agency published guidance to help applicants determine whether and when humans would truly qualify as co-inventors of an AI discovery. But after Trump arrived in office, it reversed course. Now the patent office says AI is merely a tool, like a calculator. No need to even mention it.

You can bet that pioneering AI drug companies are keeping humans in the loop, at least for now, and documenting everything carefully. At Insilico, Zhavoronkov says, human chemists still have to synthesize the drugs, create variants, and test them on animals. “That’s the person who is going to be named on the patent,” he says. “And even if you decided to completely roboticize this process, including the experiments, someone will still push the button and give the budget.”

Should pushing a button count as being an inventor? Abbott says that’s a question for future legal cases. “What if I asked Claude to cure cancer, and it did?” he says. “I think it would be inappropriate to claim that I invented that.” 

This article first appeared in The Checkup, MIT Technology Review’s weekly biotech newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Thursday, and read articles like this first, sign up here.

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A company that plans to beam sunlight from space to Earth on demand might unintentionally brighten the night sky for many more people than intended, according to a new study.

Later this year, the US company Reflect Orbital plans to launch a test satellite called Eärendil-1 that will extend an 18-by-18-meter mirror in orbit. The goal is to test the feasibility of the company’s plans to launch up to 50,000 larger satellites, measuring 54 by 54 meters, and reflect sunlight to Earth on demand.

The case for doing this remains somewhat uncertain, but Reflect Orbital has said the goal is to prolong the hours of sunlight for various uses, including solar panel charging, emergency response, and military activities.

The launch, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission in July, has been met with disbelief by astronomers and environmental groups. “This is incompatible with astronomy,” says Samantha Lawler, an astronomer at the University of Regina in Canada. “There is no way you can do this and preserve dark skies.”

Miroslav Kocifaj, an astronomer at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, and his colleagues have now calculated the broader effect on the night sky. In a new paper published online and accepted for publication in the space journal Astrophysical Journal Letters, they studied the extent to which the light the satellites beamed to the ground would scatter.

They found that within the beam’s target area, intended to be a circular patch five kilometers across, a single Reflect Orbital satellite would appear about 40 times brighter than the full moon in the sky. As far as 14 kilometers away from the center of the beam, the satellite would still be as bright as the full moon. 

Combining the beams of 400 satellites, which Reflect Orbital eventually plans to do, would yield a light as bright as 10,000 full moons within the five-kilometer area, or 2.4% as bright as the sun. Even up to 80 kilometers away, Kocifaj and his colleagues calculated, this combined beam would be visible as “a glow above the horizon,” he says. That means the night sky would be altered for many more people than those within the area Reflect Orbital intends to illuminate.

“Deploying these mirrors would be seriously damaging for astronomy and for the nighttime environment,” says Kocifaj.“ The damage extends far beyond the target area.”

Olivier Hainaut, an astronomer at the European Southern Observatory in Germany, says the results of the paper are not surprising but are still useful. “These guys are really good at that kind of modeling,” he says. “They know what they’re doing.”

Hainaut had previously modeled the broader effect of Reflect Orbital’s beams, finding they would brighten the sky up to 300% worldwide. This latest work gives an even more complete picture of what the impact would be. “These two papers really cover most of it,” he says.

Reflect Orbital CEO Ben Nowack disagrees with the findings of Kocifaj’s paper. “Some assumptions are simply inaccurate,” he says. “The critical point is that our safeguards, including maintaining exclusion zones, take account of scattering.”

He says that the company has “engaged substantively with legitimate concerns raised by astronomers, environmental researchers, and scientists,” and that their feedback has “informed our technology and operational plans.”

Kocifaj says that Reflect Orbital has not provided data to back up its claims. The company “states that safeguards exist, that scattering is taken into account, and that the models are being updated, but it gives no numbers, no description of the model, no assumptions, and no data,” he says. “There is therefore nothing that can be engaged with technically. Our calculations produce concrete figures.”

Reflect Orbital’s intention is to place its satellites into highly inclined orbits above Earth, almost from pole to pole. This will enable them to reflect sunlight in the hours before sunrise and after sunset, extending daylight hours in certain locations. Eventually, the company has said, it wants to place satellites high enough to provide light 24-7 to locations on Earth.

In August, a group of organisations including DarkSky International and the American Bird Conservancy urged the FCC to review its approval of the Eärendil-1 satellite. As well as the impact on astronomy raised by this and future satellites, the group also highlighted potential negative consequences for aviation and wildlife.

“Our primary request is straightforward: Reverse the Space Bureau’s order, and require a lawful public-interest and NEPA [National Environmental Policy Act] review,” the group said in a statement.

The satellites could also pose risks to humans, according to Reflect Orbital itself. In a filing with the FCC in March, the company said that observing Eärendil-1 with a telescope larger than 12 inches —which many astronomers have access to—may be unsafe for human eyes. It added, though, that such observations are “unlikely to … result in significant injury” because the satellites are not constantly bright.

Currently there is no global entity that could regulate satellites such as these, so approval falls to national regulators such as the FCC in the US. Michelle Hanlon, a space lawyer at the University of Mississippi’s School of Law, says there are “real benefits” to the plans proposed by Reflect Orbital. “It could extend the productive hours of solar facilities and provide light in remote areas or after a disaster,” she says.

However, the “legal basis is less clear than the technology,” she says. The FCC “does not have authority to license or regulate the operation of the solar reflector itself.” It can only authorize the use of radio frequencies to communicate with the spacecraft.

That means Reflect Orbital will need permission on a national and local level to reflect sunlight onto the ground, but if the beams spread as much as Kocifaj and his team predict, “the company could need approvals in more than one jurisdiction,” says Hanlon. “There may also be aviation-safety and cross-border questions.”

The fierce debate over the satellites shows no signs of abating. “It makes me sad that astronomers are having to spend their time doing these sorts of calculations rather than actually doing astronomy,” says Lawler. “This is not what we want to spend our time on.”

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